2.40 |
In shifting emphasis from the term "union" to
that of "unity" O'Brien has glossed the
moment of the lovers' embrace as an exchange of genetic
material or seeds. However such a mixing of
materials implies two notions that Hegel takes pains to
remove from his account of the interaction of the
lovers. The separation of seeds as envisaged by
O'Brien introduces a moment of loss. This she
will emphasize by referring to such a separation as an
alienation. Hegel in the fragment on love
explicitly states that in giving there is no
loss. Giving between lovers results in
enhancement, acquisition of the "wealth of
life". In O'Brien's reading the lovers
remain distinct entities. Hegel's lovers embrace
in a union that sublates all differences into a whole
without distinctions. From the philosopher's
formulation it is difficult to derive the necessary
distance between the lovers to found a moment of
exchange.
|
2.40 |
2.41 |
In Hegel's description there are no seeds that
mingle. Generation is a result of the full union
of the lovers. A living child does, as Hegel
indicates, "come into existence." However,
O'Brien misses the intercession of a third party.
"God has acted and created. What has been
united is not divided again" [text
transposed]" (Knox
307). Divine agency is
never discussed by
O'Brien (n6).
|
2.41 |
2.42 |
Also, despite what O'Brien alleges, Hegel never generalizes such a union as the basis for all human reproduction. The tripartite process is not that of reproduction. In the paragraph referring to the process being one of union, separation, reunion, Hegel is describing the development of the seed: Everything which gives the newly begotten child a manifold life and a specific existence, it must draw into itself, set over against itself, and unify with itself. The seed breaks free from its original unity, turns ever more and more to opposition, and begins to develop. (Knox 297)
O'Brien takes this breaking free as birth, overlooking
Hegel's assertion that "[e]ach stage of
its development is a separation". O'Brien
privileges birth. She brings the seed's
development into the ambit of production.
|
2.42 |
2.43 |
The alignment of the domains of reproduction and
production allows O'Brien to articulate a relation
between social and biological reproduction. As
well, this alignment allows her to enact her gesture of
supplementation. What she finds lacking in Hegel
is an account of the labour, specifically female
labour, in the process of bringing beings into the
world. For her the infant does not simply break
free. It is produced.
|
2.43 |
2.44 |
This fundamentally recasts the telos of
unification. If Hegel's focus is upon the union
of lovers, O'Brien's is upon the relation of parent to
child. The synchronic union is converted into a
diachronic unity. Throughout O'Brien's discourse
unity is keyed to a temporal mode, or rather a
dichotomy based in the different valorization of
temporal modes, a difference itself rooted in a
theoretical approach that regards the oppressor class
as diseased. She adopts a discourse of pathology
stating men necessarily develop "ideological modes
of continuity over time to heal the discontinuous sense
of man the uncertain father." (The Politics of
Reproduction
131)
|
2.44 |
2.45 |
Continuity is her prime concern. For O'Brien
relation to a child constructs relation to species
continuity. Men produce no children of their
own. Men mediate their relation to species
continuity through the creation of political
institutions that enforce paternity rights
physiological paternity being uncertain.
|
2.45 |
2.46 |
Species continuity is the translation into biological terms of her concern with social continuity. One crucial dimension of political activity is the creation of stability over time, of permanence beyond the individual life span. Political institutions, at least from the perspective of those who uphold them, are able to do what their human content cannot. They defy death by auto-regeneration. ("The Politics of Impotence" 149)
While recognizing that the organic metaphors and the
"[m]ale and sexual" imagery of
political theory are "modes of expression"
she insists they are "something more".
Indeed verbal expressions signal something more.
However in her move from organic metaphors to empirical
constructs O'Brien elevates the generative function of
political activity. She unhinges drives towards
destruction from political praxis (n7).
Operative in her formulations concerning reproductive
consciousness is a birth/death dichotomy mapped onto
woman/man.
|
2.46 |
2.47 |
O'Brien does not crudely restate or invert an axiology
derivable from such a dichotomy. She uses
periodization. Two events cause changes in
reproductive consciousness. The first is the
discovery of the principle of physiological
paternity. Second is the invention of
contraceptive technology (n8). O'Brien's periodization contains
an implicit narrative. One recognizes a union,
separation, reunion, pattern. The historical
dialectic that O'Brien would discern in this
transformation of reproductive consciousness and the
relations of reproduction registers as the history of a
dyad: the establishment of asymmetry between two
protagonists of opposite genders and the overcoming of
that asymmetry.
|
2.47 |
2.48 |
The dance of the dyad is staged within an economy. A commodity logic rules the operations of O'Brien's dyads. Producer meets appropriator. The assumption here is that women make babies. Such an assumption rooted in an ethnoscience of reproduction is not universally held. Feminist anthropologist, Marilyn Strathern notes that maternal work presents itself to Western industrial and market minds in terms of its natural status as the prime source from which all else comes and as a resource to be valued. (Gender of the Gift 316) She stresses the difference with Melanasia where Women do not replicate raw material, babies in the form of unfashioned natural resources, but produce entities which stand in a social relation to themselves (316)
and "Children are the outcome of multiple
others. " (n9)
|
2.48 |
2.49 |
If an ethnoscience of reproduction is sensitive to the
number of players, so too is an ethnoscience of
perception. The shift need not be in the number
of sensory modalities at play. Significant
consequences stem from varying the unit of
interaction. Descriptions based on non-dyadic
units stage dances not only nuptial in nature.
|
2.49 |